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Francois Dimanche  Pierre Evrard 《Mineralium Deposita》1978,13(3):430-432

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Coastal conglomerates around the Hadjer el Khamis inselbergs (western Chad,central Africa): new evidence for Lake Mega‐Chad episodes     

Mathieu Schuster  Philippe Duringer  Jean‐Francois Ghienne  Patrick Vignaud  Alain Beauvilain  Hassan Taisso Mackaye  Michel Brunet 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2003,28(10):1059-1069

This paper reports on a study dealing with the rhyolitic inselbergs of Hadjer el Khamis that formed palaeoislands during Lake Mega‐Chad events. Field observations have shown that: (1) conglomeratic patches of immature to mature clasts are preserved at the feet of the Hadjer el Khamis inselbergs; (2) in cross‐section, their pro?le reveals a well de?ned cliff–platform junction at a constant elevation (325 m). The monolithological clasts show all degrees of roundness, from angular cobbles to well rounded pebbles. This wide range of maturity suggests a coastal origin for these cobbles. The system was permanently fed with angular clasts, which were progressively worn by waves. Cobbles that were wave‐worked for the longest time are the best rounded. The cliff–platform junction is the result of erosion by waves, which attacked and undercut the inselberg cliffs during Lake Mega‐Chad events. Asymmetrical erosion pro?les moreover suggest a wind regime dominated by SW to NE oriented winds. These interpretations have two implications. The elevation of the cliff–platform junction is an indication of the highest water level of Lake Mega‐Chad at 320–325 m, which is in agreement with other observations elsewhere in the basin. The SW to NE oriented winds show that monsoon‐related winds were prevalent during Lake Mega‐Chad events, suggesting the Inter‐Tropical Convergence Zone was located higher in latitude than today. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Laboratory simulation of an oxidizing perturbation in a deep granite environment     

Laurent TrotignonValrie Michaud  Jean-Eric Lartigue  Jean-Paul AmbrosiLaurent Eisenlohr  Lise GriffaultMichel de Combarieu  Sylvie Daumas 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2002,66(14):2583-2601

An experiment designed to study oxidizing perturbations in deep crystalline rock, a potential host for nuclear waste disposal, was conducted. This experiment simulated a fracture surface in contact with circulating groundwater, in which dissolved oxygen was injected periodically. Major physicochemical and biological parameters were monitored during this 1-yr experiment. Modeling of the results indicates that the kinetics of oxygen uptake may be represented by a simple steady-state rate law combining enzymatic catalysis (Monod) and a first-order rate law. Combined chemical and biological data demonstrate the coupling of organic/inorganic processes during the uptake of dissolved oxygen and the progressive return to reducing conditions. Timescales for these stages are discussed. Experimental results also suggest that iron-reducing bacteria, which are robust and well-adapted microorganisms, play a key role in these interfacial processes. These results show that an operational definition of the “redox buffering capacity” in a granitic medium cannot ignore the effect of bacteria and therefore the controls on bacterial substrates (organic carbon, H₂, CH₄, CO₂).  相似文献   

The role of basalt replenishment in the generation of basaltic andesites of the ongoing activity at Arenal volcano,Costa Rica: evidence from clinopyroxene and spinel   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Streck  Martin J.  Dungan  Michael A.  Malavassi  E.  Reagan  Mark K.  Bussy  Francois 《Bulletin of Volcanology》2002,64(5):316-327

Bulletin of Volcanology - The bulk composition of magma erupted from Volcán Arenal has remained nearly constant (SiO2 = 53.6–54.9&;nbsp;wt%; MgO = 5.0–4.5&;nbsp;wt%) during...  相似文献   

Temporal variability in SO<Subscript>2</Subscript> exposures at Hawai’i Volcanoes National Park,USA     

Jene D. Michaud  Jon-Pierre Michaud  Dmitry Krupitsky 《Environmental Geology》2007,52(1):81-92

Sulfur dioxide measured at the Visitor’s Center of Hawai’i Volcanoes National Park, USA exhibits seasonal and diurnal patterns and is sensitive to rainfall, but the relationship between wind direction and SO₂ is too inconsistent to support deterministic predictions of hourly SO₂ based on hourly wind direction. Although SO₂ at the Visitor Center has usually been below regulatory levels, high SO₂ levels and adverse health effects remain a concern. This investigation identified patterns in hourly SO₂ based on wind direction, time of day, month, and rainfall occurrence using 4 years of hourly data. Empirical probabilities were investigated using a Bayesian approach. Winds from the volcanic vents were rare, but when they did occur SO₂ was elevated about half of the time. Conversely, half of the hours with elevated SO₂ occurred when volcanic vents were not directly upwind. Episodes of elevated SO₂ tended to occur during the months of November–March and between 8:00 a.m. and 5:00 p.m. Rainfall was associated with a marked reduction in SO₂ (29–81% depending on wind direction). Individuals that wish to avoid exposure to volcanic fumes can take these patterns into account.  相似文献   

DMSP and DMS in the Northwest Atlantic: Late-summer distributions,production rates and sea-air fluxes     

Michael G. Scarratt  Maurice Levasseur  Sonia Michaud  Sylvie Roy 《Aquatic Sciences - Research Across Boundaries》2007,69(3):292-304

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板状绿柱石晶体的结构测定   总被引：12，自引：0，他引：12  

郭延军 Fontan  F 《地质论评》2000,46(3):312-317

自然界中绿柱石晶体多为柱状,具板状晶形的绿柱石非常少见。本文对产于四川雪宝顶云英岩晶洞中的无色透明板状绿柱石进行了精确的结构分析,并与产于阿尔泰山号伟晶岩脉中的柱状绿柱石进行了比较。与阿尔泰柱状绿柱石相比,雪面板状绿石富Ｌi、Ｎａ,ｃ／ａ值较高,为１．００１,属钠－锂绿柱石或“四面体”绿柱石。本文还对这种特殊形貌柱石的形成机制进行了初步讨论,成矿流体中Ｌi的浓度以及Ｓi的化学形态可能是影响柱石忻驳闹  相似文献   

The Mid-Rivera-Transform Discordance: Morphology and Tectonic Development     

William L. Bandy  Fran?ois Michaud  Carlos A. Mortera Guti��rrez  J��r?me Dyment  Jacques Bourgois  Jean-Yves Royer  Thierry Calmus  Marc Sosson  Jose Ortega-Ramirez 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2011,168(8-9):1391-1413

To better define the morphotectonic elements and tectonic development of the Mid-Rivera-Transform Discordance, multibeam bathymetric, seafloor backscatter, multichannel seismic reflection and total field marine magnetic data were collected along the entire Rivera Transform west of 107°W during the BART and FAMEX campaigns of the N.O. L??Atalante conducted in 2002. These data show that, although the transform tectonized zone of the Rivera Transform west of 107°30??W is a single continuous morphologic basin, this basin consists of two distinct morphotectonic domains: an eastern domain which morphologically is a deep rhombochasm within which organized seafloor spreading has occurred, and a western ??leaky transform?? domain. These new data, in conjunction with the results of previous studies, support the idea that the Rivera-Pacific Euler pole is migrating southward towards the eastern half of the Rivera Transform, and further indicate a recent (<0.14?Ma), and most likely ongoing, clockwise reorganization of the principle transform displacement zones of the Rivera Transform west of 108°W. We propose that the Mid-Rivera-Transform Discordance owes its origin to this eastward progressing, clockwise reorganization of the transform segments that is occurring in response to recent changes in Rivera-Pacific relative plate motion.  相似文献   

Chronic offshore loss of nourishment on Nice beach,French Riviera: A case of over-nourishment of a steep beach?     

Edward J. Anthony  Olivier Cohen  Francois Sabatier 《Coastal Engineering》2011

The 4.5 km-long gravel beach fronting the exclusive resort of the city of Nice, on the French Riviera, in southeastern France, was artificially nourished from 1976 to 2005 to the tune of 558,000 m³, making this long-term operation one of the most significant for gravel beaches in the world. Nourishment has ranged from nil in certain years (1979, 1980, 1983–85, and 2001–2002) to a peak of over 97,000 m³ in 2000. Analyses of 50 transects covering the beach highlight no significant change in net beach width over this 30-year period of massive gravel nourishment. A Principal Components Analysis and a Cluster Analysis used to detect patterns in the 87 beach-width measurement dataset show no clear spatial trends in transect groups that can be interpreted in terms of the morphology of the beach and the steep inner shoreface. Significant wave height off Nice shows no change over the period 1979–2005. Since there is no possibility for alongshore gravel leakage on the strongly embayed Nice beach, the relative stability in beach width clearly implies loss of recharged gravel offshore. Gravel loss following nourishment is favoured by: (1) the steep inner shoreface inherited from the geological context of Nice beach at the flanks of the southern Alps, and (2) the practise of artificial beach widening through flattening, in summer, of a narrow (5–15 m-wide) mobile zone of the profile in order to enhance the ‘carrying’ capacity of this highly touristic beach. Beach widening and flattening following nourishment bring close to the very steep inner shoreface zone several cubic metres of gravel for each metre of beach that may be permanently lost downslope during autumn and winter storms. Recharged gravel is redistributed alongshore and offshore leakage is probably enhanced where small narrow submarine canyon heads impinge on the beach, resulting in a very narrow shoreface. Mean beach width shows an oscillating alongshore pattern that may be due to the influence of these canyons as pathways of gravel loss offshore. However, there is no correlation between mean beach width and distance to the 10-m isobath, used as a surrogate for inner shoreface width. Storms are associated with plunging waves that are particularly effective and concentrated, on this almost tideless shore, over the narrow mobile zone of the beach profile where a series of steep reflective berms are built during storms. The high dynamic pressures associated with this narrow zone of concentrated wave breaking, and energy reflection from the steepened profile, are deemed to contribute to the permanent downslope loss of gravel. This situation of long-term gravel loss is probably accepted by the beach management authority because of the low cost of obtaining nourishment material and the advantages derived from a temporarily wider beach in terms of recreational space.  相似文献   

Examining the impact of multiple climate forcings on simulated Southern Hemisphere climate variability     

Beraki  Asmerom F.  Morioka  Yushi  Engelbrecht  Francois A.  Nonaka  Masami  Thatcher  Marcus  Kobo  Nomkwezane  Behera  Swadhin 《Climate Dynamics》2020,54(11):4775-4792

Climate Dynamics - The study examines the influence of external climate forcings, and atmosphere–ocean–sea–ice coupled interaction on the Southern Hemisphere (SH) atmospheric...  相似文献